Why did Henry dissolve the monasteries Essays

Why did Henry dissolve the monasteries Essays Why did Henry dissolve the monasteries Paper Why did Henry dissolve the monasteries Paper Essay Topic: History During the late 1530s a significant social, political, economic and religious event took place. This was the dissolution of all the monasteries and convents in England. This was done by first bringing them under government control and then closed down. However it is highly disputed why this was done. The first step towards the dissolution of the monasteries was brought about in 1535 by Cromwell, he set up two offensive programmes. The first being visitations in which his agents would check on the standards of the church and report of any evidence that could be used against the church. The second was Valour Ecclesiasticus, which was a huge survey to examine the wealth of the church. Cromwell soon built up a dossier illustrating the corrupt morals and spiritual laxity of the clergy; these findings were presented before parliament in 1536. These reports combined with Henrys intervention secured the passing of an act to allow the dissolving of the smaller religious houses. These houses and there estates were now the property of the crown, there inmates could either transfer to other houses or join the secular clergy. After several protests a second act was passed in 1539 allowing Henry to claim all the monasteries and by 1540 all the monasteries in England had been dissolved. But why did Henry decided to close the monasteries at all? First of all it should be noted that the dissolution of the monasteries was not an obligatory consequence after the break with Rome. Nor was the split with Rome compulsory in order to close at least some of the monasteries, closure of monasteries had been done in the past in order to redirect resources to other uses. For instance Wolsey in 1518 closed a number of houses to fund his new college. Therefore the mere act of closing monasteries could not mean a move away from Catholicism although this is highly disputed. The dissolution of the monasteries is often viewed as a concerted move towards Protestantism for several reasons. With hindsight this is easy to highlight, as the closure of the monasteries can appear as part of a campaign on the behalf of Protestant supporters to replicate what had already happened in both Germany and Switzerland. It also goes without saying that those who had a further progress towards Protestantism on there minds would obviously see the monasteries as a very important part of the Roman Catholic Church and therefore a threat. As I mentioned earlier, the closure of monasteries however did not necessarily mean a move away from Catholicism and can be looked at as a positive event. The closure of the houses could be viewed as an attempt to stop the abuses that could arise in monasticism and so emphasising the good work continued in the remaining houses. This was the official line that was expressed in the dissolution act of 1536 however this argument carries little weight as by 1540 all the monasteries had been dissolved; therefore it could not be an attempt to reform and is more likely a resolute move towards Protestantism. It is also widely held that the conditions in the church at this time were over exaggerated and abuses and corruption were not common, it is often thought that visitations were rigged and the evidence compiled and presented to parliament was misleading. One of the most supported theories of the dissolution of the monasteries was Henrys need for money. There was no doubt that the church was significantly wealthy. This is supported by plan devised in 1534 but never put into action, it was suggested that bishops should be paid salaries and monasteries would be granted money based on the number of inmates. All income of the church would therefore be taken by the crown. The plan was too radical but it shows that by the 1530s the church was being seen as a potential source of money and by this time it was greatly needed. The value of English money was still falling, the buying power of English coins declined and the kings income stretched less and less far. Both Spain and France were considerably greater, wealthily, catholic powers. The pope could easily ask one to attack England and overthrow Henry. Henry needed ships and coastal defences however he had very little money to pay for them. The monasteries owned vast lands and were extremely affluent. Whether the monasteries were really in a bad state or this was over embellished is unclear but monastic life was now old fashioned and writers such as Erasmus had taught many to be scornful of it. From 1536 to Henrys death over 1. 3 million pounds was made from the dissolution. This figure was likely to be a large factor in Henrys decision to dissolve. It is indubitable that one of the main reasons the dissolution began was due to financial issues, however the question has to be asked whether Henry planned complete termination from the start? The words in the dissolution act of 1536 would seem to deny this. I would assert that Henry began the closure of the lesser monasteries to promote reform and to raise revenue however his greedy personality and his Protestant minister persuaded him to continue with complete dissolution. Professor Scarisbrick would disagree by stating that any plan should be kept secret and the first move should be given the impression of just reform. Reassuring the clergy and winning over their trust with a barrage of promises. Henrys failure to live up to these promises suggested that he had practised what he now preached. However it is still unclear whether Henry was lead to dissolution by Cromwell or whether it was Henry that held the Mens rea.

Hypercorrecting A Well-known Phrase

Hypercorrecting A Well-known Phrase Hypercorrecting A Well-known Phrase Hypercorrecting A Well-known Phrase By Maeve Maddox The phrase all men are created equal has to be one of the best known in the world. Indeed, it’s used so often that it has become a clichà ©. The phrase is, of course, from Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence (1776). It also occurs in Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address (1863). It’s a lovely phrase and I can understand why we like to use it. Lately, however, I’ve been noticing statements like these: Not all charity products are created equally. Not all online content is created equally. . . . not all apps are created equally. Are all IT professionals created equally? Are All Forms Of Niacin Created Equally? I think the â€Å"equally† must find its way into these sentences because the writer unconsciously wants to follow a verb with an adverb. If what the writers of these sentences mean to say is that these things are â€Å"not of equal worth,† then I think they should be writing equal and not equally. Especially if they are intentionally echoing the words of the Declaration of Independence: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. Using the adverb equally places the emphasis on the act of making; using the adjective equal places the emphasis on the quality of the thing that has been created. POSTSCRIPT: In researching this post I discovered the existence of Mum Bett, an American Founding Mother of whom I’d never heard. She should be in the school books along with Sojourner Truth. You can read about her here. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Religious Terms You Should KnowSelect vs. SelectedDouble Possessive

PHILOSOPHY of ADULT WORKFORCE TRAINING Assignment

PHILOSOPHY of ADULT WORKFORCE TRAINING - Assignment Example There is no single theory as of how to apply learning to all adults. In fact, there were various models and sets of assumptions, theories and explanations that created the base for the learning knowledge for adults. In an attempt to document the differences in the ways the learning process is set up, Malcolm Knowles have created a concept of andragony or the art and science of helping adults to learn. He perceived adult learners as those who move from dependency to enhancing self- directedness while one becomes more experienced and can direct and manage one’s learning. Moreover, adult learners draw on their own experience that help them in learning. They are ready to get acquainted with new social and life roles, are motivated to learn by internal and not by the external environments. Knowles also suggested that adult educators were able to set a cooperative atmosphere for their learning in the classroom, identified their specific needs and interests, developed learning object ives that were based on the learning needs and interests (Adult learning theories, n.d.). Besides, Knowles stated that adult learning activities such as roles plays, various scenarios and inquiry- based dialogues challenged adult learners to thinking, they were also active participants of the problem solving exercise and used appropriate technological resources in their learning. All these activities were defined as active adult learning, which Knowles studied in his theory. His Adult Learning Concept reflected similarities in the adult and child classroom, however, adults generally had different motivations that engaged them to learning. This concept have also reflected differences from the traditional teacher- centered models of child and the educational process as it was. What is important in Knowles theory is that instructors should be familiar with it, because it helps to develop effective lessons and deliver knowledge in the most

Disorders Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Disorders - Research Paper Example ebilitating effects rather than for those which are defined through sociological structures that the effects provide a disruption rather than a complete barrier to leading a high quality life. The unfortunate fact about autism at this time is that there is no definitive cause for the condition. With no cause, there is no true medical treatment through pharmaceuticals. There are a series of mainstream theories on the causes of autism that are being researched in order to help to get closer to a cure or prevention of the condition. One of the theories revolves around the introduction of toxic chemicals into the system of the mother while the child is within her womb. The types of chemicals that could be responsible could be as mundane as those found in cleaning products or as seemingly benign as those found in toys, food, or water through heavy metals. These effects could be developed in the womb, or this is some suggestion that they are developed right after birth during the first year.1 There have not been any definitive answers, however, as to whether environmental chemicals conclusively cause autism. Another possible cause of the condition might be a genetic issue. There are many genetic disorders that can be detected through testing, but thus far a genetic connection between children with autistic traits has not been found. While there is no foundation as yet for this theory, the concept that genetics is the primary cause of autism is still considered the most likely causal candidate.2 Other possible causes include mitochondrial problems, prenatal and birth factors, neurological structure anomalies, autoimmune issues, or a neurobiological disorder. One of the biggest problems with the study of autism is that for most of history it was considered a psychiatric problem and was treated as a mental disorder rather than a biological condition. Therefore, the research is relatively new and has not reached its zenith of discovery. The condition was first considered

Sam Houston Book Review Essay Example for Free

Sam Houston Book Review Essay Houston and the American Southwest were written by Randolph B. Campbell. Currently Professor Campbell teaches at University of North Texas in Denton. He has written many other books including Gone to Texas The history of the Lone star state. This is one of my favorite books; Sam Houston had a very interesting life. As a child he was relentless and rebellious. He had little formal education, but loved to read. He eventually tired of Tennessee and ran away. He crossed the river and lived among the Cherokee Indians. While living with the Indians Sam Houston learned a valuable lesson that would soon come to use to him later in life, peace first and war second. He lived among the whites and the Indians for a time. When the War of 1812 broke out Sam did not volunteer to join, he instead wanted to study mathematic but in 1813 he decided against a teaching career and joined the 7th US Infantry where he quickly became third Lieutenant. In the battle of reek War he courageously charged toward a well-guarded Creek fortification. He was wounded with arrows twice in the shoulder and once in the thigh, they won the war. Afterwards he petitioned to remain in the army. Andrew Jackson and Sam became good friends he later appointed him as a Federal Agent, and assigned him the task of removing the Cherokees from Tennessee. He resigned from the army in 1818 at age 25. He became an attorney in a mere six months when he returned to Tennessee. He remained friends with Andrew Jackson and even supported his campaign in 1822-1824 and 1823. He was even elected to the House of Representatives. He was even challenged to a dual, he won and the other person was shot but did survive. In 1827 he campaigned for and won governorship of Tennessee. He married Eliza in 1829, a girl 15 years younger than him, and sadly soon after their union she left Sam and after he went into a voluntary exile. In 1829 he officially became a part of the Cherokee nation, and served as a representative in Washington D. C for them. Sadly during this time Sam Houston became an alcoholic and the Indians even named him â€Å"Big Drunk†. He married and Indian wife, Tiana although he was never formally divorced from Eliza. She refused to return to Texas with him so he left her. He later married Margaret Lea in 1840; this was his third and final wife. She was a great influence on him, convincing him to stop drinking all together. He and Margaret had 8 children, one of which was named after his dear friend Andrew Jackson and he became a Senator for Texas. I think it is so neat to see that no matter where life to Sam Houston, he always remained so committed to Texas. No matter what he always made it back to Texas and fought for it! He was a man of many talents and he held the position of Lieutenant, lawyer, teacher war hero, Congressman, and even President of Texas! He also ran for Governor of Texas in 1857, but due to his unpopular views he was defeated. This book is so interesting to me. I think that this book was written for anyone who wants to know more about the history of Texas and Sam Houston. It is also written for college students. It is a great read. He was once quoted saying â€Å"It is a matter of great satisfaction to me to hope that my children will be in circumstances to receive a good education. Mine was defective and I feel the inconvenience, if not the misfortune of not receiving a classical education. Knowledge is the food of genius, and my son, let no opportunity escape you to treasure up knowledge. He knew the importance of good education and it honestly intrigues me of how intelligent he was and well-rounded despite his lack of one. On his tombstone it reads: A Brave Soldier†¦A Fearless Statesman†¦A Great Orator– a Pure Patriot A Faithful Friend†¦A Loyal Citizen†¦A Devoted Husband and Father†¦A Consistent Christian– an Honest Man. After reading this book I would have to agree with that and I wish we had more people like Sam Houston in government today!

Ancient Egypt Essay example -- essays research papers

The Nile   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Nile river was the most important thing to Ancient Egyptians. The Egyptians were very smart because they were settled near a river. Without the Nile the Egyptians wouldn’t survive, and even now we wouldn’t study their history. The Nile was so important because it gave them water and fertilizer for farming and they believed in a God of the Nile whos name was Osiris The God of The Nile River.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Irrigation along much of the river supported the growth of agricultural products such as cotton, wheat, sorghum, dates, citrus fruits, sugarcane, and various legumes.1† Other local communities fished in the Nile River. â€Å"The first great African civilization developed in the northern Nile Valley in about 5000 BC. Dependent on agriculture, this state, called Egypt, relied on the flooding of the Nile for irrigation and new soils.2†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Nile was their only way of trading and fastest way of transportation. Without the Nile it would take them a long time to go from city to city or trade. Egyptians always depended on the Nile to flood, when the ice from the mountains melted every year there was a flood. The flood from Nile left furtilizer for farming, and when there wasn’t a flood they depended on fishing and trading. Pharaohs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pharaohs were very important to the Egyptians, they control everything. for every great Pharaoh there wa...

King control Essay

After 400 AD, there was no central power in the West, but a central ecclesiastical power, which claimed primacy from the earliest times. The barbarian invasions and the ensuing anarchy resulted in a tremendous growth in the power of the papacy. With the appearance of strong political powers in Europe, a struggle between the papacy and the kings started to grow. The principal disagreement was the proper distribution of power; the king was believed to be the ruler by divine right. Should the King control church as well, contrary to the belief of pope as vicar of God on earth? It was in these circumstances that, Pope Boniface VII appeared on the religious scene in Europe. As Papacy was congested with internal wrangling of war of succession, it is believed that Pope Benedict VI (973-974) was strangled to death. For Boniface VII, papacy was a secular issue, rather than a divine mission, which had to be acquired by all means. After his accession, with in a month, he was forced to leave the Constantinople, but he did not hesitate to steal a large sum of money from the Vatican treasury. After nine years of exile, he returned with an army to depose his successor Pope John XIV (983-984). All these deeds earned him the name of Antipope. According to historians Boniface VII sitting in Peter’s chair was at the lowest point in the papal history. This decline and corruption in church was visible at the time of Gregory VII accession to the papacy. He laments the unhappy state of the Church in the following words, â€Å"Wherever I turn my eyes–to the west, to the north, or to the south, I find bishops who have obtained their office in irregular ways†. Gregory made efforts to stamp out the Church from major evils, for him the Bishop of Rome was not simply the court of last appeal, but the pope was to govern the universal Church as a vicar of St Peter. The medieval kingdoms were religious states and king as the head of people was the supreme authority in religious, as well as in political matters. The spiritual governance was now in the hands of the bishops and pope, kingship had to be understood differently and new foundations laid for the political authority of the state. The state deprived of its spiritual authority was forced to conceive itself as a corporate body independent of the Church. Gregory knew that the customs prevailing in the Church and society had no foundation in ancient Christian tradition. According to him faithfulness did not mean slavish obedience to the rituals, but faith required deeper understanding of the religion. Gregory began his great work of purifying the Church by a reformation of the clergy and enacted a number of decrees, such as banning the office of sacred orders by payment, baring guilty priests from exercising ministries, and rejection of the clerics who failed to obey these injunctions. These decrees were met with vigorous resistance, but were partially successful. Pope Boniface VII and Gregory VII had the same ambitions, but with different point of views. According to Pope Boniface VII, Church cannot not be separated from the state, there had to be balance for this co-existence. Gregory VII, on the contrary de-sacralized the authority of the king, and separated the spiritual world from politics. As a result, the Church became a sovereign body with its own head, administrative structure, body of law, and courts, which eventually gave rise to the modern state. Source: Ullmann. W (1962), The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages: A Study in the Ideological Relation of Clerical to Lay Power, Methuen London. Catholic Encyclopedia, Pope St. Gregory VII (8 Nov. 2005), http://www. newadvent. org/cathen/06791c. htm