A Touch of Frost Essay Example for Free

A Touch of Frost EssayThe first scene we know is of a boy ( billy club) walkway through the woods at night dusting of his knees. He is very well lit and has a mischievous look on his scene also his face is cut. He looks surprised and panicked when the police shout at him and chase after him, once the police have taken him down we get a close up of Billys face its not until then we realise that the Billy is down syndrome and we begin to feel guilty when he shouts I havent done anything wrong we begin to wonder how has Billy done anything wrong when he is a innocent disabled person. The neighboring scene we go to is a light beam of Frost and Billys father in the corner of a dark room the camera diagonal used is a high angled shot looking down at the characters this is used to look like the camera is intruding or cosmos nosey. Frost later uses some discriminative/offensive language and calls Billy Mentally subnormal Billys father corrects him and calls him Handicapped Frost discusses that he will have to have someone with him when he questions Billy in case he breaks any of the rules this is discriminative as it means Billy is opposite and has to have different measures in place for Frost to be able to interview him.The next scene we see is when Frost is interviewing Billy the scene is deposit in what seems to be a quite dark living room with a wall lamp on which creates a fading light over the set. We see another close up of Billys cut up face then there are a series of back and off shots to give the effect of conversation between Billy and Frost. Frost is very intimidating towards Billy whos seems paranoid when talking to Frost, we feel dirty for Billy in this scene as Frost makes it very obvious that Billy is responsible for the missing of his friend Trisha.There are a lot of camera shots over Frosts shoulder aiming downwards towards Billys face this is to make Billy seem intimidated and belittled. Frost speaks in a very patronising tone towards Billy as he starts to become very hesitant with his answers Billys Dad is in the background of the shot this is to make it look like Billys Dad is looking after, supporting and protecting Billy.We are left on a cliff-hanger as we do not get to find if Billy did commit a crime this could make some people feel quite affectionate or sorry towards Billy because of his disability others could take an opposite view on it and they could think that Billy was quite perceiving and cunning and that he shouldnt be treated or thought of any differently from the rest of us just because he has a disability

Study or Stock Market Essay Example for Free

Study or memory board Market EssayDr. Pushpa Bhatt and Sumangala J. K (2011) studies Impact of Book nourish on Market Value of an Equity Share An Empirical Study in Indian Capital Market. They attempt to find the explanatory power of defend survey in explaining the variations in equity market value. Then attempt is made to compare the same with the same of earning per portion out (EPS). They have collected and analyzed data about book value and market value of equity share of 50 companies for 5 years from 2006-07 to 2010-2011. Jimoh Ezekiel Oseni (2007), Determinants of beginning prices in the capital market. There are over one hundred thirty companies whose shares are being traded in the Nigerian capital market. The Banking sphere of influence in the last five years has dominated the market in terms of vocation volumes and market performance.The earning per share (EPS) and dividend per share (DPS) of twelve companies listed on the Nigerian stock up Exchange (NSE) an d (average) annual GDP, crude oil price (OIL), lending interest calculate (INT), inflation rate (INFL) and foreign exchange rate (FX) are used are analysed for effect on the stock price. The stage covered by the data is year 2001 to 2007. Mohammed Belal Uddin (2009) Determinants of market price of stock A study on bank leasing and insurance companies of Bangladesh. The population size is 86 listed companies in Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) and chosen 68 companies as sample on probability sampling basis. In this study the dependent variable is Market Price of Stock (MPS) in East Pakistani taka. The independent variables are (1) Net Asset Value per Share (NAVPS) in Bangladeshi taka(2) Dividend percentage (DIV)(3) Earnings per Share (EPS) in Bangladeshi takaDr. Sanjeet Sharma (2009) Determinants of equity stock prices in India. This study has been undertaken to poll the empirical relationship between equity share prices and explanatory variables such as book value per share, dividend per share, earning per share, price earning ratio, dividend yield, dividend payout, size in terms of sale and net worth for the period 1993-94 to 2008-09.Dr. Bidyut Jyoti Bhattacharjee (2012), the determinants of market price of share of Indian companies. This study makes an attempt to examine that whether market price of share of the company influenced by important determinants like size, growth, risk, profitableness, leverage and dividend decision of the company considering Indian industries enlisted in Bombay Stock Exchange of India.In Uwalomwa Uwuigbe, Olowe and Olusegun, Agu (2012) An Assessment of the Determinants of Share Price in Nigeria A Study of Selected Listed Firms. This study basically seeks to investigate the effects of financial performance, dividend payout and financial leverage on the share price of firms operating in the Nigerian stock exchange market. To achieve the marks of this study, the Nigerian stock exchange fact book and the corporate annual reports for the period 2006-2010 were analyzed. In addition, using the judgmental sampling technique, the study considered a total of 30 listed firms in the Nigerian stock exchange market. The choice of these industries arises based on the size, and the decline in the share prices of the stocks of these firms.Dwi Martani, Mulyono and Rahfiani Khairurizka (2009), the effect of financial ratios, firm size, and cash flow from operating activities in the interim report to the stock return The objective of this study is to examine the value relevance of accounting system information in explaining stock return. The study uses profitability, liquidity, leverage, market ratio, size and cash flow as proxies of accounting information. The samples of the study are listed companies in manufacturing industries that actively trading between 2003-2006 in Indonesia Stock Market. The study finds that profitability, turnover and market ratio has significant impact to the stock return.P. S. irmala, P. S. Sanju a nd M. Ramachandran Determinants of Share Prices in India the focus of this study is to identify the determinants of share prices in the Indian market. The study uses panel data pertaining to three sectors viz., auto, healthcare and public sector undertakings over the period 2000-2009 and employs the fully modified ordinary least squares method. The results indicate that the variables dividend, price-earnings ratio and leverage are significant determinants of share prices for all the sectors under consideration. Further, profitability is found to influence share prices only in the case of auto sector

Reasons to Study in the UK

Reasons to Study in the UKInternational students travel to UK to consider for antithetical reasons despite the cost implications involved. In former(a) to over behave genuine negative unless compulsory mothers such as kitchen-gardening shock, depression and home sickness etc. Students mustiness cargonfully manage their fourth dimension easily during their study stay in the UK. If these measures are ad hered to, foreign students ordain non find it severe studying in the UK. Due to the fact the UK has a concussive surround for didactics and schooling styles.INTRODUCTIONStudies have shown that there is no superior culture over another, e genuinely culture is unique in its own stylus, and diverse passel have polar culture. Culture, put up be described as the mode of dressing, eating, communication styles, languages spoken, teaching and learning styles, reaction to eon( judgment of conviction management) by a trus devilrthy group of hatful. Culture varies from plac e to place in the sense that assorted societies and communities adopt different cultures.This report examines and analysis the different reasons why transnational students come to study in the UK and the challenges they face here. Some of these reasons identified are to learn a sensitive language, travelling opportunities, to enable one understand another culture first hand, to develop skills, prospect to make new friends somewhat the world, enables one to dwell more about his or her own culture, helps to widen ones global view, to put forward employment opportunity, enables one to break out of ones academic play of home country and finally helps to add value or improves ones degree. Haven known these reasons, for plan of attack to study in the UK, this report further gives some challenges and key writes experienced by planetary students. Some of these issues identified are culture shock, teaching and learning styles (similarities and differences between the UK and home country), duration management issues, fees and championship, and finally regular problems faced by international students. Some of the key issues which shall be discussed in this report are culture shock, problems faced by international students, season management, fees and funding and teacher/student role expectations in the UK.MAIN BODY/ANALYSISThe united region is a very nice and wonderful place to study and students from different countries privilege to study in UK this is due the quality of the education and the students in any case has an opportunity to gain a prestigious qualification. This report therefore provides an insight in to the perceptions of the international students and their experiences here in UK. The experiences of the students studying here in UK will be discussed under the following headings they are culture shock, age management, fees and funding, teacher/student role expectation and the problems faced by international students in UK. All these will b e discussed below.CULTURE SHOCKThe term culture was defined by Bock(1970) as primarily an emotional reaction that follows from not been to understand control and phone anothers behaviour. It tail alike be described as a way of life in a particular region in terms of customs, traditions etc.Each and every nation is deeply rooted within its own culture. Theculturemakes each country very special and different from one another, so does the person belong to a particular culture. Therefore the role of the culture in the process of national progress is unquestionable. The way we are brought up and our personality is built up hasa lot to do with the culture. Thereforeculture means a lot to the nation as vigorous as to thepeople.It is a fact that we alwaysprefer to hold on to our culture as we attach anemotionalcomponent to our culture. Thereforeone flush toilet be easily offended in ethnic issues. It is very uncontrollable for a person to understand and get adapted to another culture in case thesituationdemands. Therefore when we visit aforeignnation, one of the difficulties we encounter is the cultural issue. Due to our way of living, customs and manners change wholly and it becomes a novel experience to us. Sometimes we get confused regarding what to adopt andwhatnot.Some times when in the foreign country, we are forced to adopt indisputable mannerswhich are exact opposite to our idea of culture, as a way of showing civility. So it flowerpot cause a lot of annoying to us,especially with a person who is very new to the country.Thereforeit paves the way for a cultural shock for the individuals new to the country.For the individuals very new to the country, the one way cultural shock arises is through the communication issues. Communication is everything to an individual. So when there is not a space for an easycommunication, it really frustrates the individual. Buthere in this country, language barrier is not at all a consequence asEnglishstands as theglob allanguage. But for an individual from a non-European country, it is not very easy to catch the foreign accentwhich with they speakEnglish. Once he or she getsaccustomed to theforeignaccent, which is no longer a matter to him or her. Cultural shock is not something which we need to be scared of it can be overcome through proper planning and understanding. Adopt the things which fits us, feels us comfortable, and which seems to be good. Through this we can minimize the shock since a change has never been difficult for human bes.Few things which you find difficult to get alter in the initial stages areThe climateFood(Climate change and food is not related to the culture, but its a hugetask for foreigners to get alter with the climate and typical food over there)3.Social behaviour languageIt creates a little discomfort to us. But time makes it manageableTo sum up, cultural shock occurs as the result of ones total immersion in a new culture. It finds to people who have been transp lanted to abroad.As it is mentioned earlier, the problem with the culture shock is in general for the new comers.Newcomers may be little anxious and worried because they even do not speak the language as exact as it is, know the customs, or understand peoples behaviour.But the problem no longer exists as he or she starts understanding and learning their customs and manners and begins to get adjusted to the culture in a way that is not challenging ones own culture. Therefore the process needs time asit is a process to baffle a true realization of the atmosphere we are.PROBLEMS FACED BY INTERNATIONAL STUDENTSAs human beings every individual has to face different kinds of problems in their life. Problems can happen at each time to anybody in any situation but we should try to handle all the problems. In this context, that is studying in UK the international students should face different kinds of problems some of them areLanguage barriers communication skillsPlagiarismAcceptance of cultureProblems relating jobsImmigrationDifference in education systemI. Language is one of the important medium of communication. Without communicating each other we cannot understand others views, ideas and feelings and we cannot transfer our perceptions to others as well. People from different countries they use different languages not only(prenominal) the language but also the accent, pronunciation, style of talking, way of expressing their feelings everything varied from each other. So when these people come to UK to continue their higher education its quite difficult to adjust with each other. For example people from Nigeria have a different style of talking especially their accent is very different so the people from other countries care India, Pakistan, Bangladesh etc. have a slight problem to follow their accent.II. Secondly, the unsoundgest trouble faced by the students is plagiarism. In some countries for example in India, there is no problem like plagiarism while sub mitting the assignments. So once we started to study here it is a big tension for the students at the time of assignment submission and they are working hard to lessen the percentage of plagiarism. Not only the plagiarism but also the way of submitting the assignments is also different in legion(predicate) countries. Here first we should submit the assignments through breo and again we should submit it in a different way. All these are fairly new to the international students.III. Culture is something an individual should follow through out his life. So when we go to some other place where the culture is different it is very difficult to accept that. Culture reflects an individuals character, behaviour and over all it gives an outline of that person. If we believe in one culture its not very easy to change that. other important fact is that here the living style and dressing style is different when we compare this with Indian culture. So people from India have a commodious diffic ulty to adjust with this culture.IV. One of the biggest challenges faced by the international students is the living expenses. Here standard of living is high so meeting the expenses is a big problem for the students especially if they have no job. Then getting a part time job is not very easy here because intimately of the companies prefer full time workers and the increase number of students is also a big problem. The vacancies are less for the part timers but the intake of students in the universities is increasing per year.V. Immigration is not a very big deal for the international students but sometimes it may cause some problems, especially at the time of immigration the officers ask questions if they feel any kind of doubts or if they are not satisfied with our answers may be they will reject our visa.Problems can happen to anybody especially when we are living in another country. But never kneel down before the problems instead we should try to overcome the problems and suc ceed in our life.Lincy MathewID No 1031582TIME MANAGEMENTIMPORTANCE OF TIME Time plays great role in everyones life. Everyone has equal time. If nada uses his time correctly, he will never have it back again. There is no one who can think that he will be success in his life without giving any importance to time. There are so many people who are famous in their different fields, why? Because, they know the importance of time. They spend their time to get that achievement. Time is very essential like our breath to live. We can never think about success without thinking about time. So it is very important to everyone give importance to time.TIME MANAGEMENT There are so many examples of time management. We can take an example of farmer if he will not reap his crop on time then what will happen? Obviously, he will have to face many problems which can be terrible. So time management is very important if we want to become success person in our life. For student, its really necessary for t he reason that they must have to be punctual in their every task, not only in exam but also in every second of their study. Regarding my experience of student life In UK, we have to be practical in our study and give much time in study alternatively than other work. We should manage our time. If students do their work in time and serial ways then they realise that they have lot of time to do their work. Everyone knows the starting time of our life but nobody can think about the last time of our life. Hence we dont know how much time is left in our hand. demeanor OF MANAGING TIMEUsing time table is one of the best way of utilize our sufficient time. In student life, to get achievement in study every students must have to follow their adequate time table. Everyone is different in their nature so using time table is also different from each other. But important thing is that we all must have to use our own timetable. It ensures that students are well prepared and give importance to th eir routine work and complete their every work in time. go for a good study habit we should do our work regularly. The time which we spend in waiting, walking and so on, we can use this time to remind our work that we have learned. Make weekly schedule it can help the students to utilize their time. Make daily list to do routine work and study period.BENEFITS OF TIME MANAGEMENTTime management helps to control our life. The activity of pre planning helps us lot. It improves our phrase-so and efficiency. Without time management students can never think about to meet the goals. Only if manage time can enable them to meet the goals. Time is like an ice-cream, use it before it melts. Therefore give importance to time because it never comes back.From Sandip DandiFEES AND FUNDINGAlthough the funding for the higher education has been quite a costly affair, it is being ignored by the individuals who are focussed towards their career especially when it comes to funding of the tuition fee for the studies abroad it is a critical aspect as many criterion have to be met to ensure a bright and purposeful career overseas. Considering the globalization factor overseas education is being opted by millions around the world. As a result even the governments of the developed nations have been signing pacts to exchange the student population for a better learned society.Though funding the tuition fee is one aspect, it has its after effects basing on the approach and the interest of an student shows to start a career on a international note. For example Considering the tuition fee in the country like united kingdom , one can find the difference as the local students and people from European union are charged roughly around 3000 pounds, Where as the fee for the same course for the international students is 9800 pounds. There are different aspects to be taken care of like the bank loan, maintenance of funds for the student, etc. Hence the legislations of the developed nations sho uld implement a new laws so that the funding issue for the merit students becomes easier .It is appreciable that the universities have started a helping hand in this regard. For example the university offers scholarship and fee discount if it is paid at once and its nigh 500-1500 pounds.The British government in 2003 has introduced the system of variable tuition fee to help and support the education in the united kingdom and it has been successful in winning the votes of confidence .The government of united kingdom has also taken the initiative of solving the financial issues regarding the funding of education by granting the part time work for the students up to 20 hours per week and it had another practice called post study work permit , which will be granted for the span of two years . This has helped the students to a large extent in clearing their educational, maintenance loans etc. This has also given rise to the chances of increasing settling options in their single career thus by improving the financial status of the students. Finally the funding factor of foreign education should be delta with great source of understanding and with appropriate information to ensure a peace.TEACHER /STUDENT ROLE EXPECTATION IN UKThere are differences in learning styles when collated to ones country of origin and this presents a difficulty for international students, Therefore in order to explain the differences in learning styles we will wait on at Hofstede s (1986) view on cultural differences in teaching and learning which will be classified according to the culture of the society. Thus unite Kingdom can be classified under these four dimensions of cultures and this also has an impact on the teaching and learning styles in England which will be discussed below.To further explain the teaching and learning styles in UK ,points will be taken from, Hofstede (1986) cultural differences in teaching and learning, which suggested that societies can be classified under th e following cultural dimensions viz. power space societies, individualist societies, weak uncertainty avoidance societies and masculine societies .Firstly UK can be described as a small power distance society in the sense that in terms of their learning styles it is ascertained that in school here teachers are expected to respect the independence of their students but in other countries like Nigeria which can be classified as large power distance society students are expected to respect their teachers, also in UK students are allowed to ask questions freely in class while in Nigeria the reverse is the case the student is allowed to talk only when invited by the teacher, during lectures in class a two-way communication is used to enhance learning therefore students are required to begin the communication and also students can fit the teacher in class this issue of communication in class still affects some international students because they still have the fear in them that nobody h as the right to speak whilst the lecture is going on or even to go contradicting the teacher. Also some issues that needs to be mentioned here is that in schools here in UK when conflict arises between the teacher and student, the parents or guardian of the student is expected to be in the supporting side of the student. Students here in UK prefer the young teachers than the old ones, in this case we the international students prefers the older teachers whom we believe has the skills of teaching and can as well impact knowledge in us. (this is from Nigerian perception),also in UK emphasis is laid on impersonal truth rather than wisdom which can in any principle be acquired from any resourceful person.Secondly United Kingdom can be described as a fairly masculine society in terms of their learning styles, this is because in schools male students tend to avoid traditionally feminine academic courses, students also choose academic courses to study in pursue of career opportunities. He re in UK students failure is a serious issue and its a severe blow to ones self image . Teachers place a high valuate on best students in order to motivate the average students to work harder, it is however discovered that the Education system here in UK rewards academic act for instance they offer scholarship to students all over the world.Thirdly in looking at the learning styles in UK from an individualist point of view it is discovered that they believe in permanent education that one is never too old to learn, here students are given the chance to do certain things themselves that is they are expected to learn how to learn, for example the university of Bedfordshire students are given access to learning facilities e.g. libraries filled with textbooks, journals, newspapers, access to computers in the library with Wi-Fi , free internet for students who live in the school hostel also library services can be accessed from home through digital library you can read e-journals, sear ch info bases, check the catalogue and so on, All these resources provided by the school was to ensure the students learns how to learn and not solely depending on the lecturers for information. It is also found here in UK that lecturers tends to be unprejudiced they never give room for any preferential interposition they treat everybody as equal unlike Nigeria where lecturers give preferential treatment to those related or close to him or rather those from the same ethnic background with him. In UK Education is viewed as way of enhancing ones stinting importance and self esteem based on skills and suitability, high value is placed on ones suitability on skills and knowledge acquired rather than acquiring certificates.Finally United Kingdom is classified under weak uncertainty avoidance societies in terms their learning styles, however in this event of society students are convenient in an unstructured learning condition in school such as vague objectives, broad assignments, no t imetables and so on, the international students finds it very hard to cope with this situation. Their view of a good teacher is one who uses a plain language to teach, hence teachers are allowed to say I dont know in class. Also it is being discovered that the students and teachers here are expected to restrain their emotions rather than expressing it. Students are rewarded for creativity.The learning styles in United Kingdom are completely different from other countries, for example in university of Bedfordshire the school environment is well structured and it is a conducive place to study. in general United Kingdom is really a wonderful place to be in terms of academics.IBEKWE LINDA .U.1031633CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, this report shows that international students must brook certain experiences such as culture shock as a result of change in the environment but further indicates that potential international students shouldnt be worried about that because it is a normal phenomenon t hat must occur. The report clearly also stated the importance of managing time through the use of time tables and related tools for managing time. Another issues analysed is the learning styles in Uk. It observed that this style were they make their lectures interactive ,enable their students learn independently and this is also achieved through the use of learning visible in the libraries,internet,and other information sources. The report also indicated other problem like, immigration problems of unemployment, acceptance of culture, plagiarism, language barriers, and differences in education system. The report finally concludes by appreciating the environment of the UK as conducive for learning for international students.RECOMMENDATIONThis report shown the difficulties faced by international students in trying to adapt to a new academic environment and also providing a student view on possible approaches for improvement of their experiences. However some recommendations are made t o enable the organisations in UK to make some changes in which will help enhance the students experience in studying in UK they are firstly the institution needs to look into the teaching and learning styles to know whether they fit into the specific study needs of these students, also tutors should judge the suitability of strategies when accessing cohorts of these students for example the use of group work. Secondly the institution should make a provision for the students to instigate the social adjustment they student need to make. Thirdly the use of ice breakers is very important in the first one or two classes this helps students to get to know each other very well and also feel less self-conscious .finally tutors should also bear in mind that non-verbal communication is also a useful way of communicating in class and that there is a need for predisposition towards cultural diversity in the classroom.

Simulation of Current Computer Networks

Simulation of Current Computer NetworksThe current Internet is based on IP protocol and supports only best effort services. With the exponential growth of Internet during the last years, IP networks argon expected to support not only typical services the like ftp and email, but alike real-time services and word picture strea hourg application. The work characteristics of these applications require a certain Quality of Service (QoS) from the network in terms of bandwidth and delay requirements.We take three queuing disciplines which atomic number 18 widely deployed and we comp atomic number 18 their performance using simulation carried out in OPNET. The queuing disciplines considered in this paper are First-In-First-Out (FIFO), anteriority Queuing (PQ) and Weighted sportsmanlike queuing (WFQ).BackgroundIn general, a queue is a line of people or things waiting to be handled, usually in sequential order start at the beginning or top of the line or sequence. In network prosp ective packets are queuing in memory pilot film storage of network devices like router and switch. Generally the packets are managed in s dismiss-off in first out fashion. To improve the quality of services contrasting techniques use with the fol downcasting properties like packets are handled comme il fautly and prioritized properly.Several queuing techniques are uses to manage internet barter, FIFO, WFQ, PQ. FIFO is common in all the queuing schemes, as it describes the basic method in which packets flow by queues.First in First out queue up (FIFO)FIFO queuing is the most basic queue scheduling discipline. In FIFO queuing, all packets are treat equally by placing them into a single queue, and past servicing them in the same order that they were laid into the queue. FIFO queuing is also referred to as First come, first served (FCFS) queuing.Figure 1 FIFO Queue.Priority Queue (PQ)Priority queuing (PQ) is the basis for a class of queue scheduling algorithms that are design ed to provide a relatively simple method of supporting differentiated service classes. In classic PQ, packets are first classified by the system and then placed into different priority queues. softwares are scheduled from the head of a inclined queue only if all queues of higher priority are empty. Within to each one of the priority queues, packets are scheduled in FIFO order.Figure 2 Priority Queue.Weighted Fair Queue (WFQ)This is the combination of PQ and Fair Queue. In fair queue the problem is solved some queues may not get serviced because high-priority queues are being serviced. A round-robin approach is used to service all queues in a fair way. In WFQ All queues are serviced so that none are starved, but some queues are serviced more than others. A weight is employ to queues to give some queues higher priority. For example, one queue may get half the available bandwidth and other queues volition get an allocation of the remaining bandwidth. business may be prioritized a ccording to packet markings, citation and destination IP address battlegrounds, port numbers, and information in the ToS field. WFQ weights job so that low-bandwidth trading gets a fair level of priority. If high-priority queues are not in use, lower-priority traffic uses its queues. This prevents high-bandwidth traffic from grabbing an unfair share of resources.WFQ uses an intelligent congestion management solution that provides fair communion of the interface bandwidth between multiple traffic flows. A traffic flow (or conversation) is a unidirectional sequence of packets, defined based on the protocol character, the source/destination IP addresses, the source/destination ports numbers (when available), and partially on the IPv4 ToS byte value. For example, an HTTP file transfer between two hosts repre displaces one packet flow, while ICMP packets sent from one host to another represents a second. The WFQ shares this moderate space between all flow queues.Figure 3 Weighted Fair Queue.Problem SolutionsQ1 snap the graphs we obtained and verify the overlap of the vocalisation Packet End to End hold up and Voice Packet Delay Variation graphs. Compare the three queuing disciplines and explain their establish on the performance of the three applications.Packets DropFigure 4 IP Traffic Dropped for FIFO,PQ,WFQ.For all three carapaces, Transmission starts at 1 mo 45 sec because for all three visibilitys start at time=100sec=1 second 40 sec and offset for each application from start of profile is 5 sec.Voice client/ host rate= cholecalciferol packets/secVideo client/ legion 130 packets/ secFTP Client/server 1- 33 packets/ secFor FTP, TOS=0For Video TOS=4For Voice TOS=6In side of FIFO, at that place is only 1 queue of size euchre packets. In FIFO there is no priority to any type of traffic. When more packets arrive then transmitted, these are stored in a queue. If queue is entire then any in sexual climax packet will be dropped until there is some s pace in queue. As in graphic symbol of FIFO there is no priority assigned to any type of traffic , queue will become full in less time because vocalization packets (500 packets/sec) will fill queue more quickly when router is transmitting other packets (packets of mental picture and ftp client).For PQ, these are queue profile settings depending upon TOS of incoming traffic.For FTP, tos = 0, Priority= low, queue size= 80 packetsFor Video tos = 4, Priority = medium, queue size= 40 packetsFor Voice tos= 6, Priority = high, queue size= 20 packetsNow PQ, Voice packets have highest priority. after(prenominal)(prenominal) vocalise, Video traffic has high priority and FTP has lowest priority. Affect of this is less dropped packets in queue because in PQ, each different TOS has different queue. Voice packets have highest priority so they are transmitted as soon as received. So now, ftp and video traffic cannot hold the bandwidth when there is role packet to send. Similarly video traff ic has priority over FTP. Important thing to note is that queue size is low for higher priority queues because low priority traffic indispensableness to wait more when there are high priority packets coming.Now for WFQ, Parameters areFor FTP, tos=0, weight = 1, queue size= 500 packetsFor Video tos=4, weight = 40, queue size= 500 packetsFor Voice tos=6, weight = 60, queue size= 500 packetsBuffer capacity 1000 packetsFor WFQ, although queue size is 500 for each queue but WFQ uses shared buffer that means it allows queue size to increase even after 500pkts until buffer capacity is filled. When buffer is full this means interface is in the nation of congestion, now the interface starts enforcing the individual queue limits as explained in theory.So at 2 min and 40 sec approx, interface reaches at congestion state, now max size of each queue is enforced to 500 packets and new incoming packets are dropped. After congestion state, as now queue size has been enforced to 500 for each flow, now packets drop increase even a lowly musical composition more than PQ because in case of WFQ 40/101 = 40% BW is also assigned to Video traffic, So here Voice traffic has to wait when its turn for video packets causing packet loss after queue is full as opposed to PQ where voice traffic does not need to wait.Traffic Received for Video ConferencingFigure 5 Video Conferencing Traffic Received.Traffic received for Video Conferencing is higher in the case of FIFO as compared to PQ and WFQ at steady state. For PQ, whole channel is occupied by voice packets because whenever there is voice traffic other traffic is stopped hence traffic received for Video Conferencing is less in PQ.Now for WFQ, at start traffic received is higher because system is not in congested state and WFQ is using shared buffer of 1000 packets size as compared to 500 packets buffer of FIFO, but as congestion state is achieved at approx 2 min 40 sec as shown in Fig4. Packet drop increases and now queue size of 500 p ackets is enforced for each queue. Also video packets are given weight of 40, while voice packets are given weight 60 this means video packets are given less priority which results in less traffic for video in WFQ.Traffic Received for VoIPFigure 6 Voice Traffic Received.Traffic received for voice is less in case of FIFO as compared to the other two scenarios.FIFO is first come first serve based mechanism, in which no special traffic priority is given to any type of traffic. As in Fig5 In case of FIFO traffic received for Video traffic is more this for certain leads to less traffic received for Voice traffic. In this case voice, FTP and video packets have equal opportunity. Now in case of PQ and WFQ, received traffic for voice is higher compared to the FIFO system. In PQ, Voice traffic is given highest priority and these packets are transmitted as soon as they are received, alike voice traffic is also given priority in case of WFQ by assigning weight 60 as compared to 40 assigned fo r video traffic.Figure 7 Voice Traffic Received.If we further zoom in the Fig6 to analyze the small difference in the curves of PQ and WFQ for voice traffic. At start voice traffic is same for both, but after approx 2 min 30 sec, traffic received in case of WFQ fall a little bit due to congestion phenomenon in WFQ as already explained above in the report.End to End Delay for Voice PacketsFigure 8 Voice Packet throughout Delay.In case of PQ and WFQ, the end to end delays are almost negligible. Reason for such a small delay is the priority given to voice packets in case of PQ and WFQ. In PQ voice packets are given priority by stopping all other traffic when voice packets are coming and in WFQ voice packets are given priority by assigning higher weight i.e. approx 60% of bandwidth is assigned to voice traffic communication.In case of FIFO, there is no priority all the packets are severed on first come and first out basis. So when there is video or FTP traffic, voice traffic has to wait . At start delay increases sharply, because at start buffer is empty and voice packets are served quickly but as buffer continues to fill up, delay increases because now voice packets has to wait more in buffer . When buffer is full, As in Fig8 at 2 min approx, now delay is approx constant with little variations because buffer is full so every packet has to wait at least until 500 packets of buffer are transmitted before its turn.Delay Variation for Voice PacketsFigure 9 Voice Packet Delay Variation and overlap with Voice packet End-to-End Delay.Packet delay variation is Variance among end to end delays for voice packets. From Fig9, Delay variation is less for PQ and WFQ as compared to FIFO. PQ and WFQ have the negligible delay variation. For FIFO, at start delay variation rises quickly to peak point this is because at start end to end delay variation is greater as buffer is empty and start filling as explained in Fig8 and then end to end delay becomes approx constant around a mean value when buffer is full as explained already in description of Fig8 which is reason why Packet delay variation decreases after peak point.Actually Packet Delay Variation does not only depend upon previous delay value. It is the cumulative effect of all the previous packets as we have already researched on it in period 2 Voice over IP delay measurements paper assignment in course Internet Services and Traffic Measurements.So as the end to end delay becomes more constant, packet delay variation value falls. In the case of PQ and WFQ delay variation is very small because end to end delay is very small also there is no variation in end to end delay because voice packets are given highest priority in Both PQ and WFQ.Q2 In the implemented project, edit the Queues object and check the profiles assigned to the FIFO, PQ, and WFQ discipline. For each profile answer the following questionsHow many an(prenominal) queues are associated with each discipline?Table 1 Number of queues in each con figurationQueue ConfigurationNumber of queuesFIFO1PQ4WFQ8In this lab, we used ToS to identify the priority and weight for the PQ and WFQ disciplines. What are the other parameters that can be used to identify the priority and weight?Protocol, Port and DSCP are the other parameters that can be used to identifypriority and weight.In PQ, how are queues configured to serve different ToS values?Router identifies priority based on TOS field of the incoming packets and sortincoming packets in appropriate queue based on TOS.Table 2 PQ queue configurationQueuePriority LabelToSQueue Size0LowBest driving force(0),Background(1)801NormalStandard(2),Excellent(3)402MediumSteaming Multimedia(4),Interactive Multimedia(5)603HighInteractive Voice(6), mute(7)20In WFQ, how are queues configured to serve different ToS values?In WFQ, weights are assigned to serve different TOS and TOS field of incomingpackets is checked to route them in a specific queue and queues are served basedon weights.Table 3 WFQ q ueue configurationQueueWeightToS01Best Effort110Background220Standard330Excellent Effort440Streaming Multimedia550Interactive Multimedia660Interactive Voice770ReservedQ3 Compare queuing delay for all queuing disciplines.Queuing Delay for all scenariosFigure 10 Queuing Delay for each configuration.From Fig10, FIFO has the worst queuing delay which is higher than the PQ because in case of FIFO there is only one queue and packets are served on first come first served basis. When there is other traffic, packets has to wait in queue. in that location is not much difference between the PQ and WFQ queuing delay.PQ has slightly higher queuing delay as compared to WFQ because PQ gives highest priority to voice traffic and when voice packets are coming then all other (Video and FTP) packets have to wait in queue while in case of WFQ each queue has a share in BW and packets in one queue does not disturbs the right of other queues to transmit. Specifically, in our example, there are more voice packets in traffic as compared to video packets. So assigning a weight of 60 to voice as compared to 40 for video justifies it.ConclusionIn this lab, by using three different types of traffic, we analyzed the effect of different queuing systems on network performance in terms of packet loss, end to end delay and delay variation.In case of FIFO packets drop is greater as compared to PQ and WFQ. FIFO does not utilizes any priority scheme it works on first come first server basis ,when queue is full , incoming packets are dropped unless there is some space in queue. PQ gives priority to specific type of traffic, it is good when one type of traffic is very time rude(a) and important and remaining traffic does not demand any special timing limits. PQ fails when there are many different types of traffic which are time sensitive because PQ does not shares Band Width equally with all types of traffics, So highest prioritized traffic can jam the suspension of communication.WFQ is the comb ination of FIFO and PQ where bandwidth is shared between all queues and each queue get its turn in a round robin fashion. We concluded after analyzing graphs of different queues PQ and WFQ queuing system has very small end to end delay and delay variation which is required for real time applications where traffic is time sensitive e.g. VoIP or Video Conferencing.

Visiting The Gold Coast †The Surfer’s Paradise

Visiting The Gold gliding The Surfers ParadiseGold marge The Surfers ParadiseHelloA coastal city in the southeast Queensland state of Australia, Gold brim is stand to around 3 million people. Surfing is wizard of the main interests here. Both locals and tourists take a serious interest in surfing here. 35 kilometres of its golden sand boundes puts it as atomic number 53 of the some popular coast holiday destinations in Australia. Over two million tourists check Gold Coast annu all(prenominal)y.Best Season to visit Gold CoastGold Coast is open all around the year. You can expect clear-sky winters, crisp autumn mornings and golden and vibrant summers. When you aim mop up to 300 days of sunshine a year, formal seasons become less app arnt. Temperatures argon much cooler in rural aras and the hinterland all through and through the year.The peak seasons are mainly summer (December to February) and autumn (March to May).Highlights (Special Things to Do in Gold Coast)Adrena line-pumping rides, exotic animals and endless number of waterslides will help cool you cancelled here. Gold Coast holidays have a full range of interactive entertainment to offer, be it big dazzling theme parks or splendid yet hilariously quirky museums.Let your hair loose at one the many theme parks dotting Gold Coast. Gold Coast is spot to some of the large(p)st and best theme parks in the world.You can Cuddle a koala, feed a flock of rainbow lorikeets or even swim with the dolphins do much more at the wild parks and aquariums nearby.Revisit history, at some of the citys oldest and most renowned attractions.Watch Whales.Experience the bio-diverse city and the largest subtropical rainforest in Australia, at the natural parks and attractions around the city.Sample the citys stunning offering tracks that come with unthinkable lookouts. scam how beer is brewed and taste one of the regions finest wines at a local vineyard.Rejuvenate and unwind at one of Gold Coasts award-winnin g spas or wellness retreats.Indulge in sports and recreational activities, from surfing to sky diving. Hotspots of Gold CoastYou can check out these popular places to visit in Gold Coast.Surfers Paradise Surfers Paradise is the signature high-rise settlement emerging out of the commercial centre of the Gold Coast.Surfers Paradise Beach Three-kilometre long reave of golden sands between Surfers Paradise and the Pacific Ocean is a picture perfect location that mesmerizes millions every year.SkyPoint Climb This is the highest external building walk in Australia. Feel a sense of achievement when you stand on a 270 meter high with the sun shimmering around you with a 360 degree side of golden sands, lush green tropical mountains and the Gold Coast skyline.Ripleys Believe It Or Not Get overwhelmed by hundreds of incredible exhibits, rare stories, mystery and magic, incredible deceptions, interactive games and astounding movies.Movie Stunt Experience Be an action hero, choosing whether t o break through windows, commando-style or fly around by being suspend on wires or jump from buildings or even be lit on fire.Slingshot Gold Coast Holding 2 people at a time, with a video camera attached to capture the riders reactions, the Slingshot catapults you 80 meters up in the air.Jetboat Extreme Spin and slide across the sea in a custom-built, twin-jet-powered, turbo-charged jet boat.CoolangattaCoolangatta Beach Known for its slow pace and laid back lifestyle, it is the southernmost beach in Queensland.Snapper Rocks Snapper Rocks is a small rocky ridge that is famous for the Superbank, the start of the large sand bank.Kirra Beach The small rocky headland Kirra Point, is known as one of the worlds booster cable surf breaks. This surf break is known for producing high quality waves.Gold Coast Skydive You get to jump off a plane at 12,000 feet above the ground free-fall for roughly 40 seconds before opening the parachute to take in the mesmerising beauty of Gold Coast, and fin ally landing on to the tender sand of Kirra Beach.SouthportThe Rockpools A water theme park for all age groups, the Rockpools that comes with a coastal theme has a creek bed and an array of pools that mime coastal tides.Burleigh HeadsBurleigh Heads Beach Simply Burleigh to locals, it sits like a pause, between Surfers Paradise and Coolangatta to the north and south respectively. Its a charming punctuation mark along the Gold Coast and absolutely a place to stop and take notice.SpringbrookNatural Bridge Natural Bridge at Springbrook National Park is the most uncommon geological feature created by water flowing through the roof of a basalt cave for millions of years. It is home to an enchanting colony of glow-worms, which can be seen after sunset.Mermaid BeachPutt Putt Golf Play golf in one of the three unbelievably themed 18 Hole Courses with themes like the hobo camp Trail, Waterways Cove or the Fun Run. Navigate through bizarre animals, conquer motorised obstacles and cruise alon g a water filled putting adventure.CurrumbinCurrumbin Wildlife Sanctuary much than 1,400 native Australian animals on display here in a natural massh land and rainforest landscape. The Sanctuary offers a world of husking through enthralling wildlife shows, night safari and an interactive science activity zone.Shopping in Gold CoastOffering a shopping do it like no other, the Gold Coast has a range of options from department stores and discount traders to dress shops and specialty shops, markets and also duty free stores.For cheap souvenirs and t-shirts go to Cavill centre and its surrounding areas. Dozens of stores in and around Surfers Paradise cater solely to the tourist crowd and you could end up picking up sheepskins, Australian opals, woollen products and even aboriginal artefacts.Out of the numerous shopping centres in Surfers Paradise the popular ones are the Chevron Renaissance and the Centro Shopping Plaza. These places are good for a tourist shopping however for day t o day value items it is better to shop elsewhere.For a selection of high-end or mid-range boutiques and shops, head to the Orchard driveway, Elkhorn Avenue and Cavill Avenue in Surfers Paradise. Care should be taken while purchasing in Surfers Paradise as counterfeits are very common. Its an irony that the real Louis Vuitton boutique is right next to the fake goods shops on Elkhorn Avenue.Robina Town Centre has a modern shopping mall with eateries and shops that take care of everyones needs.A large selection of shops across all budgets can be found at Harbor Town Center in Biggeria Waters.The small farmers market across the street is a must visit for its good restaurants and delis.How to reach Gold CoastAir By PlaneThe Gold Coast Airport, better known as the Coolangatta Airport, is located in Coolangatta to the south of the city. It is a pretty unique airport as it lies across the Queensland and immature South Wales borders you would always land in one state and arrive in the ot her.Though it is a fairly small terminal, it receives around 3.5 million travellers annually. The airport is well connected with major cities in Australia, New Zealand, and Asia. Another thing to keep in mind is that it is NOT a 24 hour airport, so do not plan on staying all-night before an early morning flight.The Gold Coast Tourist Shuttle runs transit services from the Gold Coast Airport to hotels and theme parks all over Gold Coast. Customer service kiosks are in the located in the international and domestic terminals.An alternative, especially if using a rented car, is to fly into Brisbane Airport. You have better connectivity from there.Land By TrainCityTrain is an electric train service between Brisbane and Nerang, Robina, Coomera and Helensvale. Its roughly a 70 minutes journey from Brisbane exchange to Robina and Nerang.As the train runs along the coast you can check which station on route is closest to your destination.Countrylink in New South Wales has trains running fr om Sydney with bus services at the Casino to Surfers Paradise.How to get around Gold CoastCar Gold Coast is easily accessible by car, and large pose lots at most locations make parking a less harrowing experience. Most car rental services are acquirable here. stack Surfside Buslines, are the main form of public transport here in Gold Coast and they have designated stops on most areas. Buses are available 24 hours a day the frequency is higher during the day.Airport Transfers (shuttles) operate point to point between Coolangatta Airport and most places along the coast and are a popular substitute to taxis.Taxi Taxis are available but expect to wait longer for it on busy nights.Bike The Gold Coast Ocean way is a 36km pathway meant for pedestrians and cyclists connecting the Gold Coast Seaway to Point Danger, covering most of the coastline on route.Top areas in Gold CoastSurfers Paradise Surfers Paradise, located on long stretches of golden beaches is where surfers do more than just riding the waves. High rise apartments line the shore, nightclubs, pubs are abundant here. The fresh night shopping will keep you busy all through. Most Gold Coast hotels, high end and budget, are located around here.Broadbeach Broadie as called by the locals, it is a quieter version of Surfers Paradise. It is known for its gorgeous beaches dotted by lazy parks and bustling weekend markets. It is the second busiest tourist suburb and is home to casinos, shopping centres and many eateries.Mount Tamborine Located in the peaceful and scenic hinterland and at just an hour from Gold Coast, it is a tropical rainforest, populate with unique, vibrant and colourful, exotic birds. Many interesting types of flora and fauna can also be found here. It is also known for its serene calm atmosphere. primary(prenominal) Beach High-rises and resorts dot this upmarket suburb. Located at the northern end of the Gold Coast, Main Beach is called so as it was the main surf beach at Southport. Its open shore break makes it very popular with Surfers.Burleigh Heads Home to tall aromatic pine trees, this parkland has plenty of places where you can picnic or have a barbecue. You would also find arts and crafts markets here, where you can haggle your way to a good deal. You can find good mid-range accommodation here.Coolangatta This is one of the twin cities located on the border between New South Wales and Queensland. The surf here is outstanding, particularly off the northern corner of Coolangatta Beach. Snapper Rocks and Duranbah are world-class surf breaks that are located here. You also have a few mid-range accommodation options here.Mermaid Beach This is simply a serene laid-back spot. on that points an extensive mixture of dining options here ranging from modern Australian to a lot of Pan Asian culinary options. While there are plenty of cheap accommodation options here, from apartments to caravan parks, do not forget to check out the flashy and flamboyant millionaires row.Miami A small beach town located south of Surfers Paradise, Miami has a beautiful stretch of golden sands that is perfect for families.Thank You

New York vs. Willow Springs in Mama Day Essay -- Comparing Compare Con

New York vs. Willow Springs in Mama Day The soft island breeze blows across the become and the smell of the sea fills the air in Willow Springs. Meanwhile, a thousand miles away in Lower Manhattan the smell of garbage and street vendors hotdogs hangs in the air. These dickens backgrounds are key to Gloria Naylors 1988 novel Mama Day where the freedom and consistency of the Sea Islands is poised against the confinement of the ever-changing city, both settings that not except changes characters personalities but also their perceptions. On the surface the two places seem to share no similarities and represent different aspects. There are, however, some similarities, among which is the effect of the setting on the characters. Naylor demonstrates through the characters Cocoa Day and George Andrews that a persons surroundings affect the way they behave and either allows or permits them to believe in veritable aspects of life, especially in respect to believing in magic or log ic. The first setting introduced in Mama Day that affects significantly George and Cocoa is the island of Manhattan. This night club separated from the mainland represents a plethora of opportunity. It is only in a city like New York where a child like George who was left with nothing on the doorstep of an orphanage could become a successful, disciplined engineer. It is also in the city where we are first introduced to Cocoa looking for her opportunity for success. While hold to be interviewed by George for a job, Cocoa observes a variety of people in the waiting area, which was representative of the diversity of the city one actually very gay OrientalCherry Vanilla (Naylor 20). In addition to diversity, the city is a place of constant change, wher... ...Perhaps if we focus more on the impact of the setting on characters behavior and ideals in novels such as Gloria Naylors Mama Day, we can develop a better understanding of the line up essence of a novel. Through analy sis it is evident that the setting impacts not only the characters, but also affects the behavior of the characters. Unfamiliar locations cause Cocoa to crook to racism as a defense mechanism for protecting herself from the unknown of New York City George turns to logic to protect himself from the unknown and magic of Willow Springs. These two completely different settings are actually very similar, having a similar affect on the characters and values learned in each location. Who would have purpose that a place where the smell of the sea filled the air could be compared or even is similar to a place where the stench of garbage and hotdogs lingered?

Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia - No Human Life Should End by Unnatural

Euthanasia No Human Life Should End by Unnatural MeansEuthanasia, the medical enclosure for assisted suicide or mercy killing, is an issue still being debated almost a hundred years after a proposal to legitimise it in Ohio. The medical community was in turmoil even before its legal proposition, unable to decide amongst themselves how to cut through with the issue. The same arguments still rage today, though the public is more aware of the issue thanks to high-profile court cases, like the trial of Dr. Jack Kevorkian. Some claim that the callinally ill have a right to die, but no human life should end by unnatural means.As medical technology continues to expand at an astound rate, doctors are finding treatment for diseases and ailments that would have been untreatable a mere five years ago. The main selling point of mercy killing seems to be to put terminally ill patients out of their miserybut what happens when the medical community finds a way to cure the formerly fatal dis ease? If the patient is still alive, the clean treatments may alleviate their sufferings entirely, but if the patient has already given up hope then they may have unwittingly sacrificed several years of their life.Advocates of mercy killing that make comparisons of terminally ill patients to animals that are put to sleep when they grow old and weak insult the people they describe. Animals do not understand wherefore their bodies no longer work correctly, can take no preventative measures in keeping their bodies healthy, and cannot share the experiences of a lifetime with others.Suicide has always been a touchy subject for debate. One of the leading causes of death in America, over 30,000 people take their lives every year. Our societys concern for the people ... ..., by banning its legal use, hammering out strict guidelines as to what is and what is not considered assisted suicide, and then enforcing those guidelines to the full extent of the law. If we can do this, the argument of how to fight with euthanasia will end, at least in the United States. Works CitedLet finish Be My Dominion. The Economist. Oct 16, 1999. 353 (1999) 89-92. Proquest. Online. 19 Nov. 1999.Daniel, Caroline. Killing with kindness. New Statesman. 126 (1997) 16(3). Infotrac. Online. 19 Nov. 1999Emanuel, Ezekiel J. wipeouts Door. The New Republic. 220 (1999) 15-16. Proquest. Online. 19 Nov. 1999.Gillon, Raanan. When Doctors Might Kill Their Patients. British Medical Journal. 318 (1999) 1431-1432. Proquest. Online. 19 Nov. 1999. Suicide. Clinical Reference Systems. Jul (1999) 1421. Infotrac. Online. 2 Dec. 1999. Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia - No Human Life Should End by UnnaturalEuthanasia No Human Life Should End by Unnatural MeansEuthanasia, the medical term for assisted suicide or mercy killing, is an issue still being debated almost a hundred years after a proposal to legalize it in Ohio. The medical community was in turmoil even before its legal proposit ion, unable to decide amongst themselves how to deal with the issue. The same arguments still rage today, though the public is more aware of the issue thanks to high-profile court cases, like the trial of Dr. Jack Kevorkian. Some claim that the terminally ill have a right to die, but no human life should end by unnatural means.As medical technology continues to expand at an astonish rate, doctors are finding treatment for diseases and ailments that would have been untreatable a mere five years ago. The main selling point of euthanasia seems to be to put terminally ill patients out of their miserybut what happens when the medical community finds a way to cure the formerly fatal disease? If the patient is still alive, the newly treatments may alleviate their sufferings entirely, but if the patient has already given up hope then they may have unwittingly sacrificed several years of their life.Advocates of euthanasia that make comparisons of terminally ill patients to animals that are put to sleep when they grow old and weak insult the people they describe. Animals do not understand why their bodies no longer work correctly, can take no preventative measures in keeping their bodies healthy, and cannot share the experiences of a lifetime with others.Suicide has always been a touchy subject for debate. One of the leading causes of death in America, over 30,000 people take their lives every year. Our societys concern for the people ... ..., by banning its legal use, hammering out strict guidelines as to what is and what is not considered assisted suicide, and then enforcing those guidelines to the full extent of the law. If we can do this, the argument of how to deal with euthanasia will end, at least in the United States. Works CitedLet Death Be My Dominion. The Economist. Oct 16, 1999. 353 (1999) 89-92. Proquest. Online. 19 Nov. 1999.Daniel, Caroline. Killing with kindness. New Statesman. 126 (1997) 16(3). Infotrac. Online. 19 Nov. 1999Emanuel, Ezekiel J. Death s Door. The New Republic. 220 (1999) 15-16. Proquest. Online. 19 Nov. 1999.Gillon, Raanan. When Doctors Might Kill Their Patients. British Medical Journal. 318 (1999) 1431-1432. Proquest. Online. 19 Nov. 1999. Suicide. Clinical Reference Systems. Jul (1999) 1421. Infotrac. Online. 2 Dec. 1999.